1.
Zapata Campos, María José, 1972, et al.
(författare)
Switching Managua on! Connecting informal settlements to the formal city through household waste collection
2013
Ingår i: Environment & Urbanization. - 0956-2478. ; 25:1, s. 225-242
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
This paper explores the organizing of household solid waste management collection and disposal practices in informal settlements. It is based on a case study of an NGO project that supports Manos Unidas (Joined Hands), an informal waste picker cooperative in Managua, Nicaragua. Using horse carts, these waste pickers collect household solid waste from informal settlements where there was no previous regular, official waste collection. Unlike many development projects, which try to control people’s agency, the support examined here focused on the residents of illegal neighbourhoods and the waste pickers, who themselves became city constructors and co-producers of basic services such as household waste collection rather than service recipients of aid programmes or municipal governments. By slightly changing the actions of the actors already involved in informal waste handling in the informal settlements, the project succeeded in transforming an agent of pollution into the solution to several interconnected problems, namely illegal dumping by the cart-men and residents, the cart-men’s low and irregular incomes and the lack of household waste collection services.
2.
Zapata Campos, María José, 1972, et al.
(författare)
The travel of global ideas of waste management. The case of Managua and its informal settlements
2014
Ingår i: Habitat International. - Göteborg : Elsevier BV. - 0197-3975. ; 41:January 2014, s. 41-49
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
Informal settlements in the global South cities are often neglected by formal solid waste collection services. In the city of Managua, the municipality and international and local NGOs recently imple- mented several waste management projects to provide waste collection in informal settlements. These projects supported or created cooperatives or microenterprises of waste pickers collecting household solid waste in barrios inaccessible to modern waste trucks. The projects also created three waste transfer stations, on barrio fringes, where the collected waste could be disposed and transported by municipal truck to the municipal landfill. New institutionalism theory and the “travel metaphor” illuminate how the “waste transfer station” idea travelled to Managua from various international organizations. New urban infrastructure and waste management models introduced by donors were decoupled from existing waste management models and practices. Despite the organizational hypocrisy of the city administra- tion, introducing this new model via pilot projects in three city districts challenges the logic of the existing centralized waste management system, which ignores the city’s informal settlements. The introduced waste transfer stations and associated waste collection practices were translated, and sometimes contested, in some informal settlements through protests, occupations, and other defiance strategies enacted by municipal waste collectors, squatters, and residents.
3.
Corvellec, Hervé, 1961, et al.
(författare)
Infrastructures, lock-in, and sustainable urban development. The case of waste incineration in the Göteborg Metropolitan Area
2013
Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - 0959-6526. ; 50, s. 32-39
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
This article explains how infrastructures with a sustainability record may evolve over time into a lock-in that slows the emergence of more sustainable urban infrastructures. A study of waste incineration in the Göteborg Metropolitan Area, Sweden, serves as an illustrative case. Taking leads from Unruh (2000, 2002), four rationales of lock-in are identified in the case: institutional, technical, cultural, and material. The article describes how these rationales, one by one and in collaboration, lock-in waste handling in the Göteborg Metropolitan Area to incineration. The article also suggests that these four rationales could serve as a program to unlock urban infrastructures. Asking the question “Are we in a lock-in?” is featured as a practical starting point for planning changes in urban infrastructure governance that contribute to sustainability.
4.
Jylkkä, Maria, 1984, et al.
(författare)
Forskningsprojektet Från avfallshantering till avfallsförebyggande - Rapport från seminarium I: Offentliga planer för avfallsförebyggande
2014
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
Rapporten är en första dokumentation över hur arbetet med avfallsförebyggande ser ut i Sverige idag, och hur vi rör oss framåt. Rapporten är ett viktigt dokument för att återkoppla till dem som deltog samt de som kommer att delta vid framtida tillfällen. I detta första av tre seminarier träffades deltagarna för att få en överblick över de praktiker som finns i landet och diskutera hur de kan bidra till en större förändring i avfallsförebyggandet, vilka incitament som behövs för att öka på avfallsförebyggandet i landet samt vilken roll Naturvårdsverkets avfallsförebyggande program har idag och vad det skulle kunna bidra med i framtiden.
5.
Zapata Campos, María José, 1972, et al.
(författare)
Avfall i översättning
2011
Ingår i: Andreas Ivarsson (red): Nordisk kommunforskning. En forskningsövesikt med 113 projekt.. - Göteborg : University of Gothenburg. - 9789163398025
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
6.
Zapata Campos, María José, 1972, et al.
(författare)
Global narratives of sustainable waste governance in Managua, Nicaragua
2011
Ingår i: Globalization and Development: Rethinking Interventions and Governance.
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat) abstract
Waste is one of the glocal meta-problems and as such an issue for both global and local governance. While waste is a global fluid, with the risks and profitability associated to its movement, it is also an extremely localized phenomenon (Honor Fagan, 2003). The notion of waste is a construct. Its meaning varies between places and societies at different times (MacKillop, 2009); as does the way societies engage with their waste and deal with it. In the last decades waste governance has being constructed as a sustainability problem for both the global North and the global South. A significant number of international multi-lateral organisations are concerned with the issue of sustainable waste governance, bringing global ideas from the North to the South. Most international and national development aid organisations (e.g. UNEP, UN-Habitat, UE …) carry out development projects, programs and experiences of transference of knowledge and best practices regarding a sustainable waste governance. These discourses of what sustainable waste governance is generated by global organisations shape the local practices for the organizing of waste. The definition, problematisation, policies, plans, technologies and management models used for the governing of waste locally is affected considerably by the discourses within and amongst these global organisations, as are the practices of sustainability they propose and promote. However, the global discourse of a sustainable waste management is neither unique nor uniform. The multiplicity of global actors hence leads to a multiplicity of narratives and discourses on sustainable waste governance. In this paper we aim at exploring some of the many global narratives of waste governance in order to unfold how these views pervade local waste governance and policies. In order to do that the paper focus on the case study of Managua, in Nicaragua, and the six development projects funded by different international aid development organisations (Spanish and Italian Aid Agencies, UN-Habitat, US-AID, European Union URBAL, PNUD) related to the city waste governance. Our data consist of policy documents from these organisations supported by personal interviews with key actors related to these projects and non-participant observations over a multitude of meetings and events. After presenting the different global narratives of waste governance in the findings section, we discuss in the conclusions how predominant global waste narratives have stabilized in the discourse of an urban sustainable development in Managua. We end the paper by contextualizing the conclusions with the concepts, assumptions and practices that give shape to the policies and practices connected to ‘sustainable development’
7.
Zapata Campos, María José, 1972, et al.
(författare)
Switching Managua on! Connecting forgotten wastescapes to the city
2011
Ingår i: Nordic Environmental Social Science Conference, 14-16th June 2011, Stockholm.
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat) abstract
Wastescapes such as clandestine dumps, garbage slums and other kind of spontaneous settlements constitute part of the normality in the cities of the global south. Although quotidian, wastescapes are often forgotten or abandoned by the formal city, disconnected from most public services as roads, pavements, water, sewage, standard housing, municipal waste collection or street cleaning. Invisible people such as child workers, poor people, gangs, unemployed, exploited, persecuted, or maltreated women, inhabit the wastescapes (a variety of black holes, to speak with Manuel Castells, 1998). The question we address in this paper is: how are cities in the global south organizing and connecting hidden and forgotten sites, as wastescapes, to the formal city? Or, differently put, how does the informal city assemblage with the formal city and vice versa? To answer the research question we focus on the household solid waste management service in the city of Managua, Nicaragua. During December 2009 to February 2010 and January to February 2011 we have conducted a case study in Managua. Our material consists of around 70 interviews, documents, media material and observations gathered and performed during this time. During the last decades the waste management municipal service has been confined to the collection of waste in the formal city. The modern municipal waste trucks, donated by different international aid organisations, are not appropriate to enter into the informal city, the spontaneous settlements, due to their narrow alleys and multitude of hanging cables and other hinders. The waste management municipal service has also been limited to the disposal of waste at La Chureca, Managua’s municipal garbage dump, where no kind of transformation has been made. Instead, 2000 people and 600 children have been working daily in the dump to recover the valuable materials from the garbage. The result is that an important part of the city is out of waste collecting service and, accordingly, much of the city’s waste ends up in clandestine dumps where it causes sickness, smell and harbours vermin, or in open water canals where it provokes flooding during the rain season. Similarly, La Chureca has caused serious problems of air, soil and water contamination during the last four decades. The city of Managua has recently involved itself in a number of urban development projects related to the city’s waste management, all funded by aid development organisations. These projects deal with the sealing of La Chureca’s dump and the regeneration of its slum; the construction of a new sanitary landfill and a waste transformation station; the construction of a number of waste transference stations in the city districts as a process of decentralization of the waste management municipal service; campaigns to rouse the awareness of the local population; eradication of child-labour related to waste collection; elimination of illegal dumping and the improvement of public health; and the establishment of micro-enterprises and cooperatives for collecting, recycling and transforming household solid waste in neighbourhoods out of the reach of the formal municipal service. In the paper we explore how the implementation of these urban development projects connects Managua’s wastescapes to the formal waste management service. We take theoretical stance on city management studies where organization and urban studies merge (e.g. Czarniawska, 2002; Clegg and Kornberger, 2006; Kornberger and Carter, 2010; Vaara, Sorsa and Pälli). We simultaneously make use of Actor-Network Theory (e.g. Law and Hassard, 1999; Callon, 2001; Latour, 2005) and the related concept of action-net (Czarniawska 2004); urban infrastructures connecting on and off cities through maintenance and repair (e.g. Graham and Drift, 2007); and the processes of hybridity elaborated from culture studies (e.g. Pieterse, 1995). The preliminary findings show how Managua city’s waste management system is being transformed into a hybrid of formal and informal services, modern and traditional technologies. In the paper we argue that the formal-modern and the informal-traditional waste collection services are assemblaged through new waste transference stations situated in the city districts, where the informal and traditional waste collection services switch on the disconnected parts of the city, the spontaneous and forgotten settlements (the wastescapes), to the formal city. The case study also shows different translations of the technologies, management ideas and knowledge promoted by global organisations such as the donors and the international aid organisations involved in these projects, and their implications for the sustainability of the city management.
8.
9.
Zapata Campos, María José, 1972, et al.
(författare)
Translating development aid into city management: the barrio Acahualinca integrated development programme in Managua, Nicaragua
2013
Ingår i: Public Administration and Development. - : Wiley. - 1099-162X .- 0271-2075. ; 33:2, s. 101-112
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
This article seeks to understand how development aid is translated into city management practice in the global South and the implications of this for the power dynamics between municipal governments and international aid agencies. The study examines La Chureca, the rubbish dump and slum of Managua, Nicaragua, and its regeneration programme, the Barrio Acahualinca Integrated Development Programme. In the article, we explore the formulation and initial implementation of the Programme in terms of the construction of an action net in which, by a chain of translations, the Programme was transformed from an aid programme managed by international aid organisations into the management practice of the city of Managua. Despite the silent infiltration of important issues brought to the municipal political agenda by the development aid programme, small acts of defiance and resistance were also enacted by local actors who twisted the Programme to fit local needs.
10.
Zapata, Patrik, 1967, et al.
(författare)
Organising La Chureca. A journey through Hell, Earth and Heaven - Global and Local actors in city-sustainability
2010
Ingår i: EGOS 2010.
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat) abstract
La Chureca is the city garbage dump of Managua, Nicaragua. For decades, the dump has been mismanaged, or rather un-managed, and La Chureca has become a breeding ground for social and environmental problems for its inhabitants and for the metropolitan area of Managua. Since 2008, global and local actors have placed great efforts to change La Chureca into a sustainable, well-managed, sanitary municipal landfill as well as a functioning neighbourhood. This paper is about how global and local actors deal with issues of sustainability (or its absence and its disorganising) in the organising of the city through the case of La Chureca and its regeneration project.
